Pycnogenol Bibliography in Original Scientific Publications

Pycnogenol and ADHD
Pycnogenol and allergies
Pycnogenol and attention deficit disorder
Pycnogenol and autism
Pycnogenol and cancer
Pycnogenol and depression
Pycnogenol and free radicals
Pycnogenol anti-oxidant
Pycnogenol Bibliography
Pycnogenol discovery
Pycnogenol excerpts from Dr. Richard Passwater
Pycnogenol FAQ
Pycnogenol helps sports injuries
Pycnogenol improves healthy NO production
Pycnogenol in the News
Pycnogenol outperforms conventional drug
Pycnogenol reduces endometriosis
Pycnogenol reduces hypertension
Pycnogenol reduces perimenopausal symptoms
Pycnogenol slows glucose uptake
Pycnogenol speeds healing of foot ulcer
Who owns Pycnogenol rights

Maritime Pine Pycnogenol is the super-antioxidant that has been tried and tested by over 30 years of research for many acute and chronic disorders. The Ojibwe knew about it almost 500 years ago. Didn't call it that, though. White man took credit.

Seroctin--the natural serotonin enhancer to reduce stress and depression, and enjoy better sleep

Plant by Nature is Organic Gardening Nature's Way

Accelerated Mortgage Pay-off can help you own your home in half to one third the time and save many thousands of dollars.

Get gold and silver. Protect your liquid net worth with real Liberty Dollars in both gold and silver!

Listen to
American Indian Radio
while you surf

Columbus exposed as iron-fisted tyrant who tortured his slaves

Columbus Day -The white man’s myth and the Redman's Holocaust

Excerpt from The Destruction of the Indies by Las Casas

Massacre at Sand Creek

Wounded Knee Hearing Testimony

An Ojibwe Trail of Tears

Wisconsin Trail of Tears

Ojibwe Creation Story

Paleo-American Origins

The Wallum Olum: a Pictographic History of the Lenni Lenape, Root Tribe from which the Ojibwe arose

A Migration Legend of the Delaware Tribe

Wallum Olum: The Deluge - Part II

Winter Count: History Seen from a Native American Tradition - 2 - 3

The Story of the Opposition on the Road to Extinction: Protest Camp in Minneapolis

Who Deems What Is Sacred?

Savage Police Brutality vs Nonviolence of the People

Mendota Sacred Sites - Affidavit of Larry Cloud-Morgan

Cloud-Morgan, Catholic activist, buried with his peace pipe

Larry Cloud-Morgan
and the Silo Pruning Hooks

Larry Cloud-Morgan:
Testimonies to a Great Soul

Museum-quality willow animal effigies of the Southwest Archaic culture, art from a 4,000 year-old tradition by Bill Ott

Indian Tribes and Termination

Ojibwe Encampment on the Winnipeg River by Paul Kane

Ojibwe Art and Dance

Interpreting the Ojibwe Pictographs of North Hegman Lake, MN

Ojibwe Forestry and Resource Management

Ojibwe Homes

Ojibwe Honor Creation, the Elders and Future Generations

Ojibwe Indian Reservations and Trust Land

Ojibwe Language

Introduction to Ojibwe Language

Introduction to Ojibwe Noun and Pronoun Grammar

Introduction to Ojibwe Numbers
and Money

Introduction to Ojibwe Verbs
and Preverbs

Introduction to Ojibwe
Verb Grammar

Introduction to Ojibwe Command and Question Grammar

FREELANG OJIBWE DICTIONARY - free downloadable Ojibwe-English & English-Ojibwe dictionary form Freelang.net.

Ojibwe Snowshoes and the Fur Trade

Ojibwe Sovereignty and the Casinos

Ojibwe Spirituality and Kinship

The Question of Quantum - 2 - 3 - 4

Family, Community, and School Impacts on American Indian and Alaska Native Students' Success

Tracing the Path of Violence: The Boarding School Experience

Quantum Physics Leads Science Back to the Sacred Fire

Cultural Differences Can Lead to Misunderstanding

Ojibwe Tobacco and Pipes

Traditional Ojibwe Entertainment

Myth of the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel - 2 - 3 - 4

The Wallum Olum: a Pictographic History of the Lenni Lenape, Root Tribe from which the Ojibwe arose

A Migration Legend of the Delaware Tribe

Wallum Olum: The Deluge - Part II

Winter Count: History Seen from a Native American Tradition - 2 - 3

Ojibwe Creation Story

Paleo-American Origins

Soul of the Indian: Foreword

The Great Mystery - 2
The Family Altar - 2
Ceremonial and Symbolic Worship - 2
Barbarism and the Moral Code - 2
The Unwritten Scriptures - 2
On the Borderland of Spirits - 2

Charles Alexander Eastman

Get a course to promote your business online, explode your sales

Get software to promote your business online in less time

Get software to streamline your business and run it hands free.Unique Cherokee Dream-Catcher from basket-weavers' numerology by Catherine Sundvall

Photo Gallery

Traditional Life of the Ojibwe Aurora Village Yellowknife
The Making of a Man
Little Dancer in the Circle
Friends in the Circle
Grass Dancer
Shawl Dancers
Jingle Dress Dancers
Fancy Shawl Dancer
Men Traditional Dancers
Powwow: The Good Red Road
Crater Lake Photo Gallery
Crater Lake Landscape
Flowers of Crater Lake
Birds & Animals of Crater Lake
Gold Mantled Ground Squirrel
The Rogue River
Sacred Fire of the Modoc
Harris Beach Brookings Oregon

1. Review article: discusses in details the biological activities of Maritime Pine Plus®, mainly focusing on its antioxidant and cardiovascular pharmacological profile in light of up to date available data on Maritime Pine Plus®.

Packer, L., Rimbach, G. and Virgili, F. (1999)

Antioxidant activity and biologic properties of a procyanidin-rich extract from the pine (Pinus maritima) bark, Pycnogenol.

Review Article In Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 27(5/6): 704-724.

2. Review article: describes cardiovascular pharmacologic profile of Maritime Pine Plus®, mainly high lighting its inhibitory effects on the smoking-induced platelet aggregation in humans.

Watson, R. (1999)

Reduction of cardiovascular disease risk factors by French Maritime Pine Bark Extract.

Cardiovascular Reviews and Reports XX (VI): 326-329.

3. Review article: describes efficacy and safety profile of Maritime Pine Plus® in venous disorders in humans. Mechanisms of reducing oedema are also discussed.

Gulati, O. P. (1999)

Maritime Pine Plus® in venous disorders: A review.

European Bulletin of Drug Research, 7 (2): 8-13.

4. Review article: discusses the history of ancient pine bark uses to the present day development of Maritime Pine Plus®.

Drehsen, G. (1999)

From ancient pine bark uses to Pycnogenol, ,In "Antioxidant Food Supplements in human health", ed. L. Packer, M. Hiramatsu and T. Yoshikawa, published by Academic Press, 1999, Chapter 20, pages 311-322.

5. Review article: describes in addition to the antioxidant activity of Maritime Pine Plus®, its effects on the immune system and modulation of nitrogen monoxide metabolism, the development of Maritime Pine Plus®.

Virgili F., Kobuchi, H., Noda, Y., Cossins, E. and Packer, L. (1999)

Procyanidins from Pinus maritima bark: Antioxidant activity, effects on the immune system and L. Packer, M. Hiramatsu and T. Yoshikawa, published by Academic Press, 1999. Chapter 21 pages 323-342.

6. Review article: Maritime Pine Plus® is a potent antioxidant. It provides cytoprotection, produces immuno-modulation and strengthens blood vessels. In addition, Maritime Pine Plus® improves circulation by inhibiting platelets aggregation and producing vaso-dilatation.

Rohdewald, P. (1998)

Maritime Pine Plus®.

In "Flavonoids in Health and Disease", ed. Catherine A. Rice-Evans and Lester Packer, Marcel Dekker Inc. NY, 1998, Chapter 17, pages 405-419.

7. Maritime Pine Plus® modulates the production of nitric oxide radicals in activated inflammatory cells. Maritime Pine Plus® produces beneficial effects in pathologies relating to oxidative stress and inflammatory conditions.

Virgili, F., Kobuchi, H. and Packer, L. (1998)

Nitrogen monoxide (NO) metabolism: antioxidant properties and modulation of inducible NO synthase activity in activated macrophages by Procyanidins extracted from Pinus maritima (Pycnogenol().

In Flavonoids in Health and Disease, ed. Catherine A. Rice-Evans and Lester Packer, Marcel Dekker Inc. NY, 1998.Chapter 18. Pages 421-436.

8. Maritime Pine Plus® shows free radical scavenging activity against reactive oxygen species. It inhibits the generation of pro-inflammatory mediators confirming the anti-inflammatory and immuno-modulatory profile of Maritime Pine Plus®.

Cho, K-J., Yun C-H., Yoon, D-Y., Cho, Y-S., Rimbach, G., Packer, L and Chung A-S. (2000)

Effect of bioflavonoids extracted from the bark of Pinus maritime on proinflammatory cytokine interleukin.1 production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated raw 264.7.

Toxicology and applied pharmacology,1687: 64-71.

9. Maritime Pine Plus® produces cell protection by reducing the malonaldehyde (MDA) modified protein, a known biochemical marker of free radical related cell injury.

Kim, J., Chehade, J., Pinnas, J.L., and Mooradian, A.D. (2000)

Effect of select antioxidants on malondialdehyde modification of proteins

Nutrition, 16: 1079-1081.

10. Maritime Pine Plus® produces selective action on cell enzyme system relating to their binding capacity, explaining its specificity of action against oxidative stress.

Moini, H.,Guo, Q., and Packer, L. 2000)

Enzyme inhibition and protein binding action of Procyanidin -rich French maritime pine bark extract, Pycnogenol: effect on xanthine oxidase.

J. Agric. Food Chem. 48: 5630-5639.

11. Maritime Pine Plus® inhibits the formation of "dense cells" involved in sickle cell anemia in humans. Maritime Pine Plus® is more potent compared to other herbal-sourced nutritional supplements.

Ohnishi, S. T., Ohnishi, T. and Ogunmola, G.B. (2000)

Sickle cell anemia: A potential nutritional approach for a molecular disease.

Nutrition, 16: 330-338.

12. Maritime Pine Plus® by virtue of its relatively higher content of procyanidins is more potent antioxidant than other herbal-sourced antioxidants cotaining relatively higher content of regular flavon(ol)s. This fact is explained on structural and functional basis.

Bors, W., Michel C and Stettmaier, K (2000)

Electron paramagnetic resonance studies of radical species of proanthocyanidins and gallete esters.

Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 374 (2):347-355.

13. Maritime Pine Plus® produces significant reduction in vascular damage caused by beta-amyloid protein. beta-amyloidosis is one of the neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease(AD). This explains the role of Maritime Pine Plus® in reducing the risk of AD.

Liu, F. Lau, B.H.S., Peng, Q and Shah, V. (2000)

Pycnogenol protects vascular endothelial cells from beta-amyloid-induced injury.

Biol. Pharm. Bull 23 (6): 735-737.

14. Maritime Pine Plus® and one of its components caffeic acid, modulate cellular response to oxidative stress, contributing to the mechanisms involved in their biological effects.

Nardini, M., Scaccini, C., Packer, L. and Virgili, F (2000)

In vitro inhibition of the activity of phosphorylase kinase, protein kinase C and protein kinase A by caffeic acid and a procyanidin-rich pine bark (Pinus maritima) extract.

Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1474:219-225

15. Maritime Pine Plus® in addition to its antioxidant activity, affects the regulation of nitric oxide metabolism and cell adhesion, contributing to its beneficial effects in inflammatory and degenerative conditions.

Packer, L. et al., (1999)

French Maritime Pine Bark Extract: Antioxidant activity and effects on regulation of nitric oxide metabolism and cell adhesion.

Experimental Biology 99 (FASEB) Washington D.C., April, 1999; (Abstract).

16. Maritime Pine Plus® protects retina of the eye against damage caused by oxidative stress. The effect is more pronounced when compared to other antioxidant bioflavonoids. Maritime Pine Plus® enhances the effects of other antioxidant like Coenzyme Q10 when combined together.

Chida, M., Suzuki, K., Nakanishi-Ueda, T., Ueda, T., Yasuhara, H., Koide, R. and Armstrong, D. (1999)

In vitro testing of antioxidants and biochemical end-points in bovine retinal tissue.

Ophthalmic Research 31: 407-415.

17. Maritime Pine Plus® is an efficient antioxidant due to the relative stability of its corresponding radical and its regeneration by vitamin C and vitamin E homologue Trolox.

Guo, Q. and Packer, L. (1999)

ESR studies of the procyanidin-rich French maritime pine bark extract free radical.

Oxygen Club of California (OCC) World Congress, March 1999; (abstract).

Guo, Q., Zhao, B. and Packer, L. (1999)

Electron spin resonance study of free radicals formed from a procyanidin-rich pine (Pinus maritime)

bark extract, Pycnogenol.

Free Radical Biology Medicine 27 (11-12): 1308-1312.

18. Maritime Pine Plus® significantly enhances the level of antioxidant defence against reactive nitrogen species in vitro cell (macrophage) model system.

Rimbach, G., Virgili, F., Park, Y.C. and Packer, L. (1999)

Effect of procyanidins from Pinus maritima on glutathione levels in endothelial cells challenged by 3-morpholinosydnomine and activated macrophages.

Oxygen Club of California (OCC) World Congress, March 1999; (presentation)

19. The beneficial effects of electron donating and protein binding properties of Maritime Pine Plus® with respect to SAR of different enzyme system have been demonstrated and discussed.

Packer, L., Bito, T., Cossins, E., Kobuchi, H., Moini, H., Noda, Y., Rimbach, G., Roy, S., Vaya, J. and Virgili, F. (1999)

Antioxidant activity and biological properties of a French Maritime Pine Bark extract.

Oxygen Club of California (OCC) World Congress, March 1999; (presentation).

20. Maritime Pine Plus® protects (-tocopherol in endothelial cells.

Virgili F., Kim, D. and Packer, L. (1998)

Procyanidins extracted from pine bark protect (-tocopherol in ECV 304 endothelial cells challenged by activated RAW 264.7 macrophages: role of nitric oxide peroxynitrite.

FEBS letters, 431:315-318.

21. Maritime Pine Plus® inhibits the effect of oxidative stress and minimises hydroxyl radical-induced DNA damage in vitro.

Nelson, A.B., Lau, B.H.S., Ide, N. and Rong, Y. (1998)

Pycnogenol inhibits macrophage oxidative burst, lipoprotein oxidation and hydroxyl radical-induced DNA damage.

Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 24 (2): 139-144.

22. Maritime Pine Plus® modulates the production of nitric oxide radicals in activated inflammatory cells. Maritime Pine Plus® produces beneficial effects in pathologies relating to oxidative stress and inflammatory conditions.

Virgili, F., Kobuchi, H. and Packer, L. (1998)

Nitrogen monoxide (NO) metabolism: antioxidant properties and modulation of inducible NO synthase activity in activated macrophages by Procyanidins extracted from Pinus maritima (Pycnogenol().

In Flavonoids in Health and Disease, ed. Catherine A. Rice-Evans and Lester Packer, Marcel Dekker Inc. NY, 1998.Chapter 18. Pages 421-436.

Virgili, F., Kobuchi, H. and Packer, L. (1998)

Procyanidins extracted from Pinus maritima (Pycnogenol() scavengers of free radical species and modulators of nitrogen monoxide metabolism in activated murine raw 264.7 macrophages.

Free Radical Biology & Medicine 24 (7/8) 1120-1129.

23. Maritime Pine Plus® prolongs the lifetime of vitamin C more than other flavonoids.

Cossins, E., Lee, R. and Packer, L. (1998)

ESR studies of vitamin C regeneration, order of reactivity of natural source phytochemical preparations.

Biochem Mol. Biol. Int., 45 (3): 583-597.

24. Maritime Pine Plus® is shown to be the strongest hydroxyl and superoxide radical scavenger among other extracts tested. In addition, Maritime Pine Plus® is resistant to heat and ascorbate oxidase.

Noda, Y., Anzai, K., Mori, A., Kohno, M., Shinmei, M. and Packer, L. (1997)

Hydroxyl and superoxide anion radical scavenging activities of natural source antioxidants using the computerized JES-FR30 ESR spectrometer system.

Biochem. & Mol. Biol. Int., 42 (1): 35-44.

25. Maritime Pine Plus® protects the endothelial cells which line the blood vessels from free radicals damage. Damage to endothelial cells is considered a prime cause for atherosclerosis.

Rong Y., Li, L., Shah, V. and Lau, B.H.S. (1995)

Pycnogenol protects vascular endothelial cells from t-butyl hydroperoxide induced oxidant injury.

Biotechnology Therapeutics, 5 (3 & 4): 117-126.

26. Maritime Pine Plus® scavenges superoxide radicals in vitro and inhibits oedema in vivo. The anti-inflammatory and free radical scavenging activities are closely correlated.

Blazso, G., Gabor, M., Sibbel, R. and Rohdewald, P. (1994)

Anti-inflammatory and superoxide radical scavenging activities of procyanidins containing extract from the bark of Pinus pinaster sol. and its fractions.

Pharm. Parmacol. Lett., 3: 217-220.

27. Maritime Pine Plus® was proved to be an excellent radical scavenger of enzymatically produced hydroxyl and singlet oxygen free radicals, two of the most dangerous free radicals.

Elstner, E.F. and Kleber, E. (1990)

Radical scavenger properties of leucocyanidine.

In: Das NP, ed. Flavonoids in Biology & Medicine III: Current issues in Flavonoid Research: National University of Singapore Press (1990): 221-235.

28. Maritime Pine Plus® inhibits the formation of "dense cells" involved in sickle cell anemia in humans. Maritime Pine Plus® is more potent compared to other herbal-sourced nutritional supplements.

Ohnishi, S. T., Ohnishi, T. and Ogunmola, G.B. (2000)

Sickle cell anemia: A potential nutritional approach for a molecular disease.

Nutrition, 16: 330-338.

29. Maritime Pine Plus® inhibits smoking-induced increased levels of thromboxane B2, the noxious agent involved in the increased platelet reactivity/aggregation in smokers. These results explain the mechanism of anti-platelet aggregation activity of Maritime Pine Plus® observed in smokers.

Araghi-Nicknam, M., ., Hosseini, S., Larson D., Rohdewald, P. and Watson R.R. (1999)

Pine bark extract reduces platelet aggregation.

Integrative Medicine, 2 (2/3). 73-77.

30. Maritime Pine Plus® inhibits smoking induced platelet aggregation in dose-dependent manner in humans. The effect lasts for more than 6 days and unlike aspirin, it does not produce increase in bleeding time.

Pütter, M., Grotemeyer, K.H.M., Würthwein, G., Araghi-Nicknam, M., Watson R.R., Hosseini, S. and Rohdewald, P. (1999)

Inhibition of smoking-induced platelet aggregation by aspirin and Pycnogenol.

Thrombosis Research, 95: 155-161.

31. Maritime Pine Plus® helps to maintain a healthy circulation through vasodilatation, anti platelet aggregation, free radical scavenging and capillary sealing effects. The role of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) is also discussed.

Rohdewald, P. (1999)

Reducing the risk for stroke and heart infarction with Maritime Pine Plus®.

European Bulletin of Drug Research, 7 (2): 14-17.

32. Maritime Pine Plus® helps fighting against heart disease by inhibiting adhesion and aggregation of platelets and improving microcirculatory blood flow in human.

Wang, S., Tan, D. , Zhao, Y., Gao, G., Gao, X. and Hu, L. (1999)

The effect of Maritime Pine Plus® on the microcirculation, platelet function and ischemic myocardium in patients with coronary artery diseases.

European Bulletin of Drug Research. 7 (2): 19-25.

33. Maritime Pine Plus® counteracts the constriction of blood vessels due to stress. The vaso-relaxant activity of Maritime Pine Plus® is mediated through nitric oxide.

Fitzpatrick, D.F., Bing, B. and Rohdewald, P. (1998)

Endothelium-dependent vascular effects of Maritime Pine Plus®.

Journal Cardiovascular Pharmacology, 32: 509-515.

34. Maritime Pine Plus® inhibits the formation of "dense cells" involved in sickle cell anemia in humans. Maritime Pine Plus® is more potent compared to other herbal-sourced nutritional supplements.

Ohnishi, S. T., Ohnishi, T. and Ogunmola, G.B. (2000)

Sickle cell anemia: A potential nutritional approach for a molecular disease.

Nutrition, 16: 330-338.

35. Maritime Pine Plus® inhibits smoking-induced increased levels of thromboxane B2, the noxious agent involved in the increased platelet reactivity/aggregation in smokers. These results explain the mechanism of anti-platelet aggregation activity of Maritime Pine Plus® observed in smokers.

Araghi-Nicknam, M., ., Hosseini, S., Larson D., Rohdewald, P. and Watson R.R. (1999)

Pine bark extract reduces platelet aggregation.

Integrative Medicine, 2 (2/3). 73-77.

36. Maritime Pine Plus® inhibits smoking induced platelet aggregation in dose-dependent manner in humans. The effect lasts for more than 6 days and unlike aspirin, it does not produce increase in bleeding time.

Pütter, M., Grotemeyer, K.H.M., Würthwein, G., Araghi-Nicknam, M., Watson R.R., Hosseini, S. and Rohdewald, P. (1999)

Inhibition of smoking-induced platelet aggregation by aspirin and Pycnogenol.

Thrombosis Research, 95: 155-161.

37. Maritime Pine Plus® helps to maintain a healthy circulation through vasodilatation, anti platelet aggregation, free radical scavenging and capillary sealing effects. The role of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) is also discussed.

Rohdewald, P. (1999)

Reducing the risk for stroke and heart infarction with Maritime Pine Plus®.

European Bulletin of Drug Research, 7 (2): 14-17.

38. Maritime Pine Plus® helps fighting against heart disease by inhibiting adhesion and aggregation of platelets and improving microcirculatory blood flow in human.

Wang, S., Tan, D. , Zhao, Y., Gao, G., Gao, X. and Hu, L. (1999)

The effect of Maritime Pine Plus® on the microcirculation, platelet function and ischemic myocardium in patients with coronary artery diseases.

European Bulletin of Drug Research. 7 (2): 19-25.

39. Maritime Pine Plus® helps fighting against heart disease by inhibiting adhesion and aggregation of platelets and improving microcirculatory blood flow in human.

Wang, S., Tan, D. , Zhao, Y., Gao, G., Gao, X. and Hu, L. (1999)

The effect of Maritime Pine Plus® on the microcirculation, platelet function and ischemic myocardium in patients with coronary artery diseases.

European Bulletin of Drug Research. 7 (2): 19-25.

40. Maritime Pine Plus® slows down the process of decline in the activities of immune and blood generating systems related to ageing and restores their functions to normal.

Liu, F.J., Zhang, Y.X. and Lau B.H.S. (1998)

Maritime Pine Plus® enhances immune and haemopoietic function in senescence-accelerated mice.

CMLS, Cell. Mol. Life. Sci., 54: 1168-1172.

41. Maritime Pine Plus® counteracts the constriction of blood vessels due to stress. The vaso-relaxant activity of Maritime Pine Plus® is mediated through nitric oxide.

Fitzpatrick, D.F., Bing, B. and Rohdewald, P. (1998)

Endothelium-dependent vascular effects of Maritime Pine Plus®.

Journal Cardiovascular Pharmacology, 32: 509-515.

42. Maritime Pine Plus® inhibits the angiotensin II converting enzyme (ACE) and produces a moderate hypotensive effect in rats. This is not an anti-hypertensive effect, as that of Captopril(.

Blazso, G., Gaspar R., Gabor, M., Rüve H-J and Rohdewald, P. (1996)

ACE inhibition and hypotensive effect of procyanidinis containing extract from the bark of Pinus pinaster Sol.

Pharm. Pharmacol. Lett., 6(1): 8-11.

43. Maritime Pine Plus® protects the endothelial cells which line the blood vessels from free radicals damage. Damage to endothelial cells is considered a prime cause for atherosclerosis.

Rong Y., Li, L., Shah, V. and Lau, B.H.S. (1995)

Pycnogenol protects vascular endothelial cells from t-butyl hydroperoxide induced oxidant injury.

Biotechnology Therapeutics, 5 (3 & 4): 117-126.

44. Maritime Pine Plus® produces vaso-protective an effect at the level of capillaries as shown in clinical studies. Maritime Pine Plus® decreases oedema and haemorrhagic tendencies in conditions characterised by increased capillary permeability.

Becker, S.R. (1995)

Le pycnogénol: une substance douée de properiétés angioprotectrices

dans le traitement de l'insuffisance veineuse chronique.

Journal Suisse de médecine globale, 1/95 : 11-14 et 2/95 : 69-73.

45. The efficacy of Maritime Pine Plus® has been confirmed on the basis of objective and subjective signs and symptoms of static oedema in a double blind study in 40 patients suffering from chronic venous insufficiency. Maritime Pine Plus® is a safe veno- protector.

Schmidtke, I. and Schoop, W. (1995)

Le pycnogénol: Thérapeutique médicamenteuse de l'oedème statique.

Journal Suisse de médecine globale, 3/95 :114-115.

46. Maritime Pine Plus® increases the pathologically low capillary wall resistance. Maritime Pine Plus® is shown to be the most potent among other bioflavonoids tested. Maritime Pine Plus® provides strength to capillary walls and makes them less permeable and thus contributes to anti-oedema, anti-inflammatory effects.

Gabor, M., Engi, E. and Sonkodi, S. (1993)

Die Kapillarwandresistenz und ihre Beeinflussung durch wasserlösliche Flavonderivate bei spontan hypertonischen Ratten.

Phlebologie, 22: 178-182

47. Maritime Pine Plus® tested in a placebo-controlled, double-blind phase as well as in open phase clinical trial. It produced significant relief and disappearance of symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency. Safety was confirmed by lack of side effects, changes in blood biochemistry and haematological parameters.

Petrassi, C., Mastromarino, A. and Spartera, C. (2000)

Phytomedicine 7(5): 383-388

48. Maritime Pine Plus® tested in a placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial, has been shown to produce significant relief and disappearance of symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency.

Arcangeli, P. (2000)

Maritime Pine Plus® in chronic venous insufficiency.

Fitoterapia, 71:236-244

49. Maritime Pine Plus® helps fighting against heart disease by inhibiting adhesion and aggregation of platelets and improving microcirculatory blood flow in human.

Wang, S., Tan, D. , Zhao, Y., Gao, G., Gao, X. and Hu, L. (1999)

The effect of Maritime Pine Plus® on the microcirculation, platelet function and ischemic myocardium in patients with coronary artery diseases.

European Bulletin of Drug Research. 7 (2): 19-25.

50. Maritime Pine Plus® produces an anti-oedema effect. Topical application of Maritime Pine Plus® gel protects the skin against UV radiation.

Blazso, G., Gabor, M. and Rohdewald, P. (1997)

Antiinflammatory activities of procyanidin containing extracts from Pinus pinaster Ait. after oral and cutaneous application.

Pharmazie, 52 (5): 380-382.

51. Maritime Pine Plus® produces vaso-protective an effect at the level of capillaries as shown in clinical studies. Maritime Pine Plus® decreases oedema and haemorrhagic tendencies in conditions characterised by increased capillary permeability.

Becker, S.R. (1995)

Le pycnogénol: une substance douée de properiétés angioprotectrices

dans le traitement de l'insuffisance veineuse chronique.

Journal Suisse de médecine globale, 1/95 : 11-14 et 2/95 : 69-73.

52. The efficacy of Maritime Pine Plus® has been confirmed on the basis of objective and subjective signs and symptoms of static oedema in a double blind study in 40 patients suffering from chronic venous insufficiency. Maritime Pine Plus® is a safe veno- protector.

Schmidtke, I. and Schoop, W. (1995)

Le pycnogénol: Thérapeutique médicamenteuse de l'oedème statique.

Journal Suisse de médecine globale, 3/95 :114-115.

53. Maritime Pine Plus® increases the pathologically low capillary wall resistance. Maritime Pine Plus® is shown to be the most potent among other bioflavonoids tested. Maritime Pine Plus® provides strength to capillary walls and makes them less permeable and thus contributes to anti-oedema, anti-inflammatory effects.

Gabor, M., Engi, E. and Sonkodi, S. (1993)

Die Kapillarwandresistenz und ihre Beeinflussung durch wasserlösliche Flavonderivate bei spontan hypertonischen Ratten.

Phlebologie, 22: 178-182

54. Maritime Pine Plus® affects favourably the gene expression profile in human keratinocytes in vitro, thus having a great potential in psoriasis and dermatoses.

Rihn, B., Saliou, C., Bottin, MC., Keith, G. and Packer, L. (2001)

From ancient remedies to modern therapeutics. Pinebark uses in skin disorders revisited.

Phytotherapy Research, 15:76-78.

55. Maritime Pine Plus® inhibits Interferon -gamma (IFN-gamma)-induced ICAM-1 expression in human skin cells (keratinocytes). This effect is dose and time dependent indicating the therapeutic potential of Maritime Pine Plus® in inflammatory skin disorders.

Bito, T., Roy, S., Sen, C.K. and Packer, L. (2000)

Pine bark extract Pycnogenol downregulates IFN-gamma - induced adhesion of T cells to human keratinocytes by inhibiting inducible ICAM-1 expression.

Free Radical Biology Medicine 28 (2): 219-227.

56. Maritime Pine Plus® prevents solar ultraviolet (UV)-induced NF-kB dependent gene expression in human keratinocytes. This effect was concentration dependent indicating the beneficial effects of Maritime Pine Plus® in skin disorders induced by UVR.

Saliou, C., McLaughlin, L. and Packer, L. (1999)

French Pinus maritima bark extract prevents ultraviolet-induced NF-kB dependent gene expression in a human keratinocyte cell line.

Oxygen Club of California (OCC) World Congress, March 1999; (presentation)

57. Maritime Pine Plus® prolongs the lifetime of vitamin C more than other flavonoids.

Cossins, E., Lee, R. and Packer, L. (1998)

ESR studies of vitamin C regeneration, order of reactivity of natural source phytochemical preparations.

Biochem Mol. Biol. Int., 45 (3): 583-597.

58. Maritime Pine Plus® produces an anti-oedema effect. Topical application of Maritime Pine Plus® gel protects the skin against UV radiation.

Blazso, G., Gabor, M. and Rohdewald, P. (1997)

Antiinflammatory activities of procyanidin containing extracts from Pinus pinaster Ait. after oral and cutaneous application.

Pharmazie, 52 (5): 380-382.

59. Maritime Pine Plus® produces an anti-oedema effect. applied topically, Maritime Pine Plus® significantly reduces UVB radiation induced-erythema.

Blazso, G., Rohdewald, P., Sibbel, R. and Gabor, M. (1995)

Anti-inflammatory activities of procyanidin-containing extracts from Pinus pinaster sol.

Proceedings of the International Bioflavonoid Symposium, Vienna, Austria, ed. Antus, S., Gabor, M. and Vetschera, K. July 16-19, 1995, pages 231-238.

60. Maritime Pine Plus® protects the skin from ultraviolet-radiation-induced oxidative stress injury (lipid peroxidation and cytotoxicity). The protective effects were related to dose, with the highest concentration providing the greatest benefits.

Guochang, Z. (1993)

Ultraviolet radiation-induced oxidative stress in cultured human skin fibroblasts and antioxidant protection.

Ph.D. Thesis, University of Jyväskylä 33:1-86, Jyväskylä, Finland.

61. Maritime Pine Plus® shows beneficial effects in retinopathy

Spadea, L. and Balestrazzi, E. (2001)

Treatment of vascular retinopathies with Maritime Pine Plus®.

Phytother. Res., 15: 219-223.

62. Maritime Pine Plus® protects retina of the eye against damage caused by oxidative stress. The effect is more pronounced when compared to other antioxidant bioflavonoids. Maritime Pine Plus® enhances the effects of other antioxidant like Coenzyme Q10 when combined together.

Chida, M., Suzuki, K., Nakanishi-Ueda, T., Ueda, T., Yasuhara, H., Koide, R. and Armstrong, D. (1999)

In vitro testing of antioxidants and biochemical end-points in bovine retinal tissue.

Ophthalmic Research 31: 407-415.

63. Maritime Pine Plus® helps fighting against heart disease by inhibiting adhesion and aggregation of platelets and improving microcirculatory blood flow in human.

Wang, S., Tan, D. , Zhao, Y., Gao, G., Gao, X. and Hu, L. (1999)

The effect of Maritime Pine Plus® on the microcirculation, platelet function and ischemic myocardium in patients with coronary artery diseases.

European Bulletin of Drug Research. 7 (2): 19-25.

64. Maritime Pine Plus® protects the retina of the eye against free radicals damage.

Ueda, T., Ueda, T. and Armstrong D. (1996)

Preventive effect of natural and synthetic antioxidants on lipid peroxidation in the mammalian eye.

Ophthalmic Research, 28: 184-192.

65. Maritime Pine Plus® produces vaso-protective an effect at the level of capillaries as shown in clinical studies. Maritime Pine Plus® decreases oedema and haemorrhagic tendencies in conditions characterised by increased capillary permeability.

*Pycnogenol* *Bibliography in Original Scientific Publications*		Pycnogenol is a free-radical scavenger
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