Columbus exposed as iron-fisted tyrant who tortured his slaves

Columbus exposed as iron-fisted tyrant who tortured his slaves

By Graham Keeley in Barcelona

07/22/06 "The Independent" -- -- Christopher Columbus was a despot who ruled his subjects with an iron fist, according to documents which have emerged 500 years after his death.

The man who discovered America for Europe routinely tortured slaves and starved his subjects in colonies on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola.

Columbus was known to have mistreated native people when he was viceroy in Santo Domingo, the capital of today's Dominican Republic, at the end of the 15th century. But until now it had been put down to his lack of political sensitivity.

The documents suggest a hidden face to the man who, after arriving in the Caribbean in 1492, fell from grace eight years later because of his conduct in Santo Domingo. In 1500, Columbus was brought back from the city as a prisoner on the orders of the Spanish monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella, to stand trial.

Statements from 23 witnesses at his trial were uncovered at the archive of Simanacas, near Valladolid, by an archivist, Isabel Aguirre, who spent a year transcribing them.

Consuelo Varela, a historian in Seville, has studied the documents and believes it is the most important discovery about Columbus's life for a century. Her research, which appears in La Caida de Cristobal Colon (The Fall of Christopher Columbus), reveals the brutal life in the first colony which Columbus set up.

Varela told the Spanish daily El Pais: "Life in the colony in these first seven years was hard and terrible. There was a great deal of hunger, envy, rancour and rumours of all sorts. It was a primitive, insular life, rather like what we see in Western films."She said people, including white Spanish slaves, were auctioned in the main square of Santo Domingo. "We hear of a poor boy who was caught stealing wheat grain. They cut off his ears and nose and put shackles on him and made him a slave. Columbus ran the colony with an iron fist.

"One woman happened to say that Columbus came from a working-class family and that his father had been a weaver. Columbus's brother Bartholme had her tongue cut out, after parading her naked through the streets on a donkey. Christopher congratulated his brother on defending the family honour."

There were many attempts at mutiny in the colony, she said.

The 46-page document shows Columbus and his brothers Bartolme and Diego as tyrants who ruled through summary justice. They also forbade natives from baptism so they could used as slaves. Varela said the documents showed Columbus's "immense greed". He was eventually arrested, tried and dismissed as viceroy of Santo Domingo and governor of the Indies.

"Now we know why he was removed from office and the good reasons for it," she said. "Nobody likes to air dirty laundry, but this is what the document shows."

The exposure has already provoked an angry reaction. Critics say some of the accounts may have come from enemies of Columbus, who were out to damage his reputation. But other accounts come from members of his own close group, even trusted friends. "Even they told of the atrocities that happened," said Varela. "Columbus's government was tyrannical, with no trials or anything similar."

The revelations come as the world marks the 500th anniversary of Columbus' death in 1506. DNA investigations on his descendants are under way in several countries finally to pinpoint the explorer's birthplace, usually attributed to Genoa in Italy. A result is expected later this year.

© 2006 Independent News and Media Limited

Columbus spoke Spanish while living in Italy. This is an unusual situation unless his family had originated in Spain. The  area around Genoa had many Spanish-speaking Jewish refugees from the Inquisition. The form "Colón" was a common Jewish variation on the name which Columbus adopted as the Spanish equivalent of his last name. The expected form would have been "Colom" or "Colombo". Columbus kept the company of Jews and former Jews, among whom were noted astronomers and navigators, as well as his official translator. Marranos were prominent among his backers and crew. Throughout Columbus' life he had demonstrated a keen knowledge of the Bible and the geography of the Holy Land. On one occasion he calculated the date from the destruction of the "Second House" meaning the temple, counting from the traditional (and erroneous) Jewish date of 68 CE, rather than the commonly held 70 CE. The connections between the timing of Columbus's voyage and the expulsion of Spanish Jewry are curious. Historians have noted that though Columbus was not scheduled to set sail until August 3rd, he insisted that his crew be ready on board a full day earlier. This becomes more intriguing in that 2 August 1492 was the day that had been ordained for the last Jews of Spain to depart the country. Hundreds of thousands of Jews were departing Spain on that black day. When these coinciding dates were first noted by the Spanish biographer S. de Madariaga, the English Jewish historian Cecil Roth added a further "coincidence": 2 August 1492 coincided with the Ninth of Av, which is the Jewish fast of mourning for the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem. Columbus may have arranged to remain on board ship during that ill-omened day, and to depart only afterwards. Louis Santanel, the financier for Columbus' voyage to America was a Jew.  Much more evidence has been cited on the Jewish Columbus question. De Madariaga devoted a 500 page tome to proving this thesis. Some of the most important arguments, though, are summarized in the Encyclopedia Judaica, written by the its editor-in-chief, Cecil Roth. Although Roth himself expresses some skepticism about Columbus' Jewish origins, it's probably significant that the entry is not preceded by the special sign that normally indicates an article about non-Jews.